What they found: 4,192 human genes change expression by 2 in response to GHK-Cu (31.2 % of the human genome) Of these 2,296 genes up-regulated , 1,896 down-regulated Pattern of changes: a rejuvenating signature, genes typically associated with ageing are down-regulated, regenerative genes up-regulated DNA repair , strong up-regulation of genes in BER, HR, NER pathways Mitochondrial biogenesis , increase in the number of mitochondria in cells Anti-apoptotic signal , protection against cell death Down-regulation of cancer signals , some oncogenes decreased Why it matters: This is the strongest evidence for the pleiotropic nature of GHK-Cu
The H -score ranged from 0-300 and the optimal cutoff value for it was defined via the largest Youden index under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) ( Cell Culture PC cell lines (MIA PaCa-2, PANC-1, CFPAC-1, T3M4, BxPC-3, and AsPC-1) were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Virginia, USA)
Pernicious anaemia and vitamin B12 deficiency
Retinol improves skin texture and reduces signs of aging, while peptides enhance the production of essential proteins for a firmer and more youthful complexion